UppenbarelsebokenKapitel 10

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Then I saw another mighty angel coming down from heaven. He was wrapped in a cloud, with a rainbow over his head; his face was like the sun, and his feet like pillars of fire.

In his hand he held a little scroll, lying open. He set his right foot on the sea and his left foot on the land,

and he cried out with a loud voice, like a lion roaring. And when he cried out, the seven thunders spoke with their own voices.

When the seven thunders had spoken, I was about to write, but I heard a voice from heaven say, "Seal up what the seven thunders have said, and do not write it down."

Then the angel I had seen standing on the sea and on the land raised his right hand to heaven

and swore by him who lives forever and ever, who created heaven and everything in it, the earth and everything in it, and the sea and everything in it: "There will be no more delay." [Footnote: Or "There will be no more time."]

"But in the days of the voice of the seventh angel, when he is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be fulfilled, just as he announced to his servants the prophets."

Then the voice I had heard from heaven spoke to me again: "Go, take the open scroll from the hand of the angel who is standing on the sea and on the land."

So I went to the angel and asked him to give me the little scroll. He said to me, "Take it and eat it. It will turn your stomach bitter, but in your mouth it will be sweet as honey."

I took the little scroll from the angel's hand and ate it. In my mouth it was sweet as honey, but when I had eaten it, my stomach turned bitter.

Then I was told, "You must prophesy again about many peoples and nations and languages and kings."

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Kapitel 10

Main Theme: A mighty angel proclaims that God’s mystery will soon be fulfilled, and John is commissioned to prophesy again.

Content: John sees a mighty angel clothed in a cloud, with a rainbow over his head, a face like the sun, and feet like pillars of fire. The angel stands with one foot on the sea and the other on land. He holds a little open scroll and cries out, which triggers seven peals of thunder that John is forbidden to write down. The angel swears by the eternal God that there will be no more delay—God’s mystery will be fulfilled when the seventh angel blows his trumpet. John must eat the little scroll; it tastes sweet in his mouth but makes his stomach bitter. He is then told to prophesy again about many peoples, nations, languages, and kings.

Key Words/Images:

The Mighty Angel: A heavenly messenger with a majestic appearance, symbolizing God’s authority over all creation (sea and land).
The Little Scroll (βιβλαρίδιον): God’s word/revelation that is sweet to receive but bitter when the message of judgment must be proclaimed.
The Seven Peals of Thunder: Divine messages that remain sealed—certain mysteries are not revealed.
God’s Mystery (μυστήριον): God’s plan of salvation, which will be fulfilled at the seventh trumpet, as the prophets have declared.

Historisk kontext

Historical and Cultural Context for Revelation 10

Persons

The "strong angel" (ἄγγελος ἰσχυρός) descending from heaven is described with attributes often associated in the Old Testament with God's own presence: clothed in a cloud, with a rainbow over his head, a face like the sun, and feet like pillars of fire. These descriptions recall theophanies (divine manifestations) in Exodus, where God led Israel as a pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night. Some interpreters have identified this angel with Christ himself due to these divine attributes, while others view him as a mighty angel bearing God's authority. John himself is an active participant in this chapter—he receives the scroll and eats it, marking his renewed calling as a prophet.

Key Terms

The word βιβλαρίδιον (biblaridion, "little scroll") is a diminutive form that distinguishes this scroll from the sealed scroll in chapter 5. This scroll is already opened and ready to be consumed. The act of "eating the book" (κατάφαγε) has a direct parallel in Ezekiel 2:8–3:3, where the prophet eats a scroll that tastes as sweet as honey. In Revelation 10, it is added that the book becomes bitter in the stomach—a detail not found in Ezekiel—which underscores that prophetic service involves both joy and pain.

The expression "the seven thunders" (αἱ ἑπτὰ βρονταί) with the definite article suggests this was a known category of divine revelation. In Jewish tradition, God's voice at Sinai was described as seven thunders. The fact that John is forbidden to write down their message emphasizes that certain aspects of God's plan remain hidden—a motif known from Daniel 12:4,9.

Events

The angel's oath with raised hand toward heaven (verses 5–6) follows an Old Testament pattern for solemn oaths, as seen in Daniel 12:7. The oath formula confirms God as the Creator of heaven, earth, and sea—a threefold division reflecting both the creation account and ancient cosmology. The oath declares that "there will be no more time" (χρόνος οὐκέτι ἔσται), signaling that God's redemptive-historical plan is nearing completion.

The angel placing one foot on the sea and one on the land (verse 2) symbolized sovereignty over all creation in antiquity. This posture communicated to John's contemporary readers that the message's validity extends to the entire world.

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