2 SamuelCapítulo 2

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Some time later David inquired of the LORD, "Shall I go up to one of the cities of Judah?" The LORD said to him, "Go up." David asked, "Where shall I go?" He answered, "To Hebron."

So David went up there, along with his two wives, Ahinoam of Jezreel and Abigail, the wife of Nabal of Carmel.

David also brought up the men who were with him, each with his household, and they settled in the towns around Hebron.

Then the men of Judah came and there anointed David king over the house of Judah. When David was told that it was the men of Jabesh-gilead who had buried Saul,

he sent messengers to them with this word: "May you be blessed by the LORD, because you showed this kindness to your lord, to Saul, and buried him.

Now may the LORD show you steadfast love and faithfulness, and I too will do good to you because you have done this.

Now then, let your hands be strong, and be valiant men, for Saul your lord is dead, and the house of Judah has anointed me king over them."

Meanwhile Abner son of Ner, the commander of Saul's army, had taken Ish-bosheth son of Saul and brought him over to Mahanaim,

and made him king over Gilead, the Ashurites, Jezreel, Ephraim, Benjamin—over all Israel.

Ish-bosheth son of Saul was forty years old when he became king over Israel, and he reigned two years. But the house of Judah followed David.

The length of time David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.

Abner son of Ner set out from Mahanaim to Gibeon with the servants of Ish-bosheth son of Saul.

Joab son of Zeruiah and David's servants also set out, and they met them at the pool of Gibeon. One company sat down on one side of the pool, the other on the opposite side.

Abner said to Joab, "Let the young men get up and fight before us." Joab said, "Let them get up."

So they got up and were counted off: twelve for Benjamin and Ish-bosheth son of Saul, and twelve of David's servants.

Each man seized his opponent by the head and drove his sword into his side, and they fell together. That is why the place at Gibeon is called Helkath-hazzurim.^[The name means "field of sword edges," or "field of flints."]

The fighting that day was fierce beyond measure, and Abner and the men of Israel were beaten by David's servants.

The three sons of Zeruiah were there: Joab, Abishai, and Asahel. Asahel was as fleet of foot as a wild gazelle.

Asahel chased after Abner, swerving neither right nor left as he pursued him.

Abner looked back and said, "Is that you, Asahel?" "It is," he answered.

Abner said to him, "Turn aside to your right or your left; take on one of the young men and strip him of his gear." But Asahel would not stop chasing him.

Again Abner said to Asahel, "Stop chasing me! Why should I strike you to the ground? How could I ever look your brother Joab in the face?"

But he refused to turn aside, so Abner struck him in the stomach with the butt of his spear, and the spear came out through his back. He fell there and died on the spot. And everyone who came to the place where Asahel had fallen and died stopped there.

But Joab and Abishai kept up the pursuit of Abner. As the sun was going down, they came to the hill of Ammah, which lies opposite Giah on the road to the wilderness of Gibeon.

The Benjaminites rallied behind Abner, formed a single band, and took their stand on the top of a hill.

Then Abner called out to Joab, "Must the sword devour forever? Don't you know that this will end in bitterness? How long before you order your men to stop pursuing their brothers?"

Joab answered, "As God lives, if you had not spoken, the men would not have given up the pursuit of their brothers until morning."

So Joab blew the ram's horn, and all the troops halted; they no longer pursued Israel or continued the fight.

Abner and his men marched through the Arabah all that night. They crossed the Jordan, went on through the whole Bithron, and came to Mahanaim.

When Joab turned back from pursuing Abner, he gathered all the troops. Nineteen of David's servants were missing, besides Asahel.

But David's servants had struck down three hundred and sixty men of Benjamin, from among Abner's forces; all of them died.

They carried Asahel away and buried him in his father's tomb at Bethlehem. Then Joab and his men marched all night, and daybreak found them at Hebron.

Consulta

Resumen2

Capítulo 2

Main Theme: David is anointed king over Judah while Ish-Bosheth becomes king over Israel, and conflict arises between the two kingdoms.

Content: After Saul's death, David inquired of the Lord and went to Hebron, where the men of Judah anointed him king. At the same time, Abner, Saul's commander, made Ish-Bosheth king over the rest of Israel in Mahanaim. David sent a blessing to the men of Jabesh-Gilead who had buried Saul. At the pool of Gibeon, the forces of Joab and Abner met, and a bloody battle broke out in which David's men prevailed. During the pursuit, Abner killed Asahel, Joab's brother, known for his speed, before both sides withdrew.

Key Words/Images:

Hebron: The city where David was anointed and reigned over Judah for seven and a half years.
The Pool of Gibeon: The place where the forces met and the battle began with a deadly duel between twelve men from each side.
Helkath-Hazzurim (the field of sharp swords): The name given to the place where the 24 warriors fell together.
Asahel: Joab's brother, known for his speed, who was killed by Abner during the pursuit.

Contexto histórico

Historical and Cultural Context for 2 Samuel 2

People

David appears here as a leader who seeks divine guidance before making important decisions. His two wives are mentioned: Ahinoam of Jezreel (אֲחִינֹ֙עַם֙ הַיִּזְרְעֵלִ֔ית) and Abigail (אֲבִיגַ֕יִל), the widow of Nabal from Carmel. Both had followed David during his time as a fugitive (1 Sam 25; 27:3).

Ish-Bosheth (אִ֥ישׁ בֹּ֙שֶׁת֙, also called Eshbaal in 1 Chron 8:33) was Saul's surviving son. The name "Ish-Bosheth" means "man of shame" and is likely a later editorial change where "Baal" (lord/idol) was replaced with "bosheth" (shame). Abner son of Ner (אַבְנֵ֣ר בֶּן־נֵ֔ר), Saul's army commander, acted as the real power behind Ish-Bosheth's throne.

Joab, Abishai, and Asahel were sons of Zeruiah (בְּנֵ֣י צְרוּיָ֔ה). According to 1 Chron 2:16, Zeruiah was David's sister. Joab became David's commander-in-chief, while Asahel was known for his speed – "light of foot like a gazelle in the field" (v. 18). Asahel's death in this chapter creates a blood vengeance motive that has fatal consequences later (2 Sam 3:27).

Places

Hebron (חֶבְרוֹן) was one of the oldest and most important cities in Judah, located about 30 km south of Jerusalem. The city held great religious significance as the burial place of the patriarchs (the Cave of Machpelah). Archaeological excavations at Tel Rumeida confirm settlement from the Bronze Age. Hebron's central location in the Judean highlands made it a natural administrative center. David reigned here for seven years and six months (v. 11).

Mahanaim (מַחֲנָֽיִם) was located east of the Jordan, probably near the Jabbok River. The name means "two camps" and was previously associated with Jacob's meeting with angels (Gen 32:2). Its location provided protection against the Philistines and was strategic for controlling the tribes east of the Jordan.

Gibeon (גִּבְעוֹן) was located about 10 km northwest of Jerusalem. Archaeological excavations have revealed a large water reservoir/pool from the Iron Age, which may be "the pool of Gibeon" (בְּרֵכַ֥ת גִּבְע֖וֹן) mentioned in v. 13. This water facility, about 11 meters in diameter and 10 meters deep, confirms the city's importance.

Bethlehem (בֵּ֣ית לָ֑חֶם) is mentioned as the place where Asahel was buried in his father's tomb (v. 32).

Events and Customs

The anointing of David (v. 4) represents a formal, public recognition of his kingship over the tribe of Judah. This was his second anointing – the first had been private through Samuel (1 Sam 16). The practice of anointing involved elders or representatives of the people performing the ritual, which gave the kingdom legitimacy through popular consent.

The contest at Gibeon (v. 14-16) where Abner suggests that young men should "play" (וִֽישַׂחֲק֖וּ), reflects a practice known from several ancient cultures where representative combat resolved conflicts. The Hebrew verb can mean both "to play" and "to fight." Helkath-Hazzurim (חֶלְקַ֥ת הַצֻּרִ֖֖ים, probably "the field of the sharp stones") became the name of the place where all 24 warriors fell simultaneously, suggesting a ritualized duel format.

The message to Jabesh-Gilead (v. 5-7) shows David's diplomatic skills. By honoring those who buried Saul, he built bridges to areas outside Judah and positioned himself as Saul's legitimate successor.

Asahel's pursuit and death (v. 18-23) illustrates the dangers of an honor-based warrior culture. Despite Abner's repeated warnings, Asahel refused to give up the chase, and Abner killed him in self-defense with the back end of the spear (בְּאַחֲרֵ֨י הַחֲנִ֜ית).

Key Terms

Chesed (חֶסֶד) in v. 5-6 is often translated as "steadfast love" or "mercy." The term describes covenantal loyalty and compassion, here used regarding the actions of the people of Jabesh toward Saul and God's response to them.

Yisachaku (וִֽישַׂחֲק֖וּ) in v. 14 is an ambiguous verb from the root שׂחק that can mean "to play," "to laugh," or "to fight/compete." The context suggests a formalized combat-like activity, but the ironic choice of this "playful" word for a deadly confrontation may be deliberate.

Bene chajil (בְנֵי־חַיִל, "valiant men" or "skilled warriors") in v. 7 was an honorific title denoting brave, competent men of good character – an encouragement to the people of Jabesh to remain strong.

Chalitsah (חֲלִצָה) in v. 21 refers to war spoils, specifically armor or equipment taken from a defeated enemy. Abner's suggestion that Asahel should instead take another warrior as spoil was an attempt to avoid the dangerous confrontation.

Personas11

David12 Joab (son of Zeruiah)8 Nabal (Abigail's first husband)1 Zeruiah (David's sister)2 Benjamin (Rachel's son)3 Abner (Saul's cousin, military commander)14 Abishai2 Abigail1 Saul7 Ish-bosheth (Saul's son)4 Ahinoam1

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Palabras clave10

David — The second king of Israel, who succeeded Saul and united the twelve tribes.
Saul — Israel's first king, who died in battle against the Philistines, after which David became his successor.
Hebron — The city where David was anointed king over Judah and later over all Israel.
Ish-Bosheth — Saul's son, who was appointed king over Israel by Abner but was later murdered.
Abner — Saul's army commander, who first supported Ish-Bosheth but later switched his loyalty to David.
Joab — David's army commander and nephew, who killed Abner in revenge for his brother's death.
Gibeon — The place where a battle was fought between the men of Abner and Joab, resulting in many deaths.
Anointing — A ceremony in which a person is appointed and blessed by God, as when David was anointed king.
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