2 TimothéeChapitre 3

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But understand this: in the last days there will come times of hardship.

For people will be lovers of self, lovers of money, boastful, arrogant, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,

heartless, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, with no love for good,

treacherous, reckless, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—

holding to the outward form of godliness but denying its power. Keep away from such people.

take captive weak-willed women, loaded down with sins and driven by all kinds of desires,[^1] [^1]: The Greek word rendered *weak-willed women* is a diminutive form suggesting vulnerable or gullible women; it describes those targeted by the false teachers, not women in general.

always learning yet never able to arrive at a knowledge of the truth.

Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so these men also oppose the truth—men of corrupted minds, who fail the test when it comes to the faith.

But they will not get far, for their folly will be plain to everyone, just as the folly of those two men was.

You, however, have followed closely my teaching, my way of life, my purpose, my faith, my patience, my love, my endurance,

my persecutions and sufferings—what happened to me in Antioch, in Iconium, in Lystra, the kinds of persecutions I endured. And the Lord rescued me from them all.

Indeed, all who want to live a godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted,

while evil people and impostors will go from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived.

But as for you, continue in what you have learned and firmly believed, knowing from whom you learned it,

and how from infancy you have known the sacred writings, which are able to make you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus.

All Scripture is God-breathed and useful for teaching, for rebuking, for correcting, and for training in righteousness,

so that the man of God may be complete, fully equipped for every good work.

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Résumé2

Chapitre 3

Main Theme: Warning against apostasy in the last days and exhortation to hold fast to Scripture.

Content: Paul warns Timothy about difficult times in the last days, characterized by people who are selfish and have a form of godliness but deny its power. He reminds Timothy of his own teaching, faith, and sufferings, emphasizing that all who want to live godly lives in Christ will be persecuted. Timothy is urged to hold fast to what he has learned from childhood, for all Scripture is inspired by God and useful to equip the believer for every good work.

Key Words/Images:

The last days (ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις): A time marked by moral decay and false piety.
Form of godliness (μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας): Outward religiosity without inner power or true reverence for God.
Jannes and Jambres: Traditional names of Egyptian magicians who opposed Moses – an example of resistance to the truth.
Theopneustos (θεόπνευστος): Scripture is "inspired by God" – the basis for its authority and usefulness.

Contexte historique

Historical and Cultural Context for 2 Timothy 3

People

Jannes and Jambres (verse 8) are names not found in the Old Testament but were well known in Jewish tradition as the names of the Egyptian magicians who opposed Moses at Pharaoh’s court (Exodus 7:11, 22). These names appear in several extra-biblical sources, including the Damascus Document from Qumran (CD 5:17–19), Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, and the pagan author Pliny the Elder. The fact that Paul uses these names without explanation shows they were widely known in both Jewish and non-Jewish circles in the first century. Using these figures as examples of resistance to the truth was therefore immediately recognizable to his readers.

Places

Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra (verse 11) were cities in southern Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey) where Paul experienced intense persecution during his first missionary journey, described in Acts 13–14. In Antioch of Pisidia, he and Barnabas were driven out of the city (Acts 13:50). In Iconium, they had to flee to avoid being stoned (Acts 14:5–6). In Lystra, Paul was actually stoned and left for dead (Acts 14:19). These cities held special significance for Timothy, since he came from the Lystra region (Acts 16:1) and was likely an eyewitness to or had firsthand knowledge of these events from his youth.

Events and Customs

House churches and women’s vulnerability (verse 6) must be understood in light of the fact that early Christian gatherings took place primarily in private homes. False teachers exploited this structure by "sneaking into houses." The term γυναικάρια (gynaikaria, "weak women" or diminutively "little women") refers to a social reality: Women in Greco-Roman culture often had limited access to formal education and could be more susceptible to persuasion from charismatic teachers who visited homes. Several false teaching movements in the first century attracted followers through private instruction that promised special spiritual insight.

Key Terms

ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις (eschatais hēmerais, "the last days", verse 1) was an expression rooted in prophetic language from the Old Testament. In early Christian understanding, "the last days" had already begun with Jesus’ coming and the outpouring of the Spirit (Acts 2:17), but would intensify leading up to Christ’s return. Paul uses this term here to indicate that the difficult times are not merely a distant future reality but something already manifesting.

θεόπνευστος (theopneustos, "God-breathed/inspired by God", verse 16) is a rare Greek word that literally means "breathed out by God." The word occurs only here in the New Testament and emphasizes the divine origin of Scripture. This concept was known in Jewish tradition, where prophets were regarded as speaking God’s own words.

ἱερὰ γράμματα (hiera grammata, "the sacred writings", verse 15) was an established expression for the Hebrew Scriptures, often used by the Jewish historian Josephus and the philosopher Philo. The reference to Timothy knowing these "from infancy" (ἀπὸ βρέφους) points to Jewish educational practice in which boys traditionally began learning Torah at a young age. Timothy’s Jewish mother and grandmother (mentioned in 2 Timothy 1:5) had clearly provided him with this training.

Personnages4

Jesus1 Jannes1 Moses1 Jambres1

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Mots-clés

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Chronologie1