HébreuxChapitre 4

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So let us fear that, while the promise of entering his rest still stands, any of you should be found to have fallen short of it.

For we have had the good news preached to us just as they did; but the word they heard did them no good, because they were not united by faith with those who listened.

We who have believed do enter that rest, just as he has said: "As I swore in my anger, they shall never enter my rest" — and yet his works were finished from the foundation of the world.

For somewhere he says this about the seventh day: "And on the seventh day God rested from all his works."

And again in this same passage he says, "They shall never enter my rest."

Since, then, it remains for some to enter it, and since those who first heard the good news did not enter because of their disobedience,

God again appoints a day — "Today" — speaking through David so long afterward, in the words already quoted: "Today, if you hear his voice, do not harden your hearts."

For if Joshua had given them rest, God would not have spoken later of another day.

So then, a sabbath rest still remains for the people of God.

For whoever enters God's rest also rests from his own works, just as God rested from his.

Let us then make every effort to enter that rest, so that no one falls by following the same example of disobedience.

For the word of God is living and active, sharper than any two-edged sword. It pierces to the point where soul and spirit divide, joints and marrow as well, and it judges the thoughts and intentions of the heart.

No creature is hidden from him; everything lies naked and exposed before the eyes of the one to whom we must give account.

Since, then, we have a great high priest who has passed through the heavens, Jesus the Son of God, let us hold fast to our confession.

For we do not have a high priest unable to sympathize with our weaknesses, but one who was tempted in every way as we are, yet without sin.

So let us approach the throne of grace with confidence, to receive mercy and find grace to help us in our time of need.

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Résumé2

Chapitre 4

Main Theme: The chapter deals with God's rest that remains open to believers, and Jesus as the compassionate high priest.

Content: The author warns against missing out on God's rest due to unbelief, just as the Israelites did in the wilderness. There is still a Sabbath rest for God's people, and we are encouraged to strive to enter it. God's word is living and sharper than any two-edged sword, exposing the thoughts of the heart. Jesus, our great high priest, has passed through the heavens and can sympathize with our weaknesses because he was tempted in every way. Therefore, we may approach the throne of grace with confidence.

Key Words/Images:

God's rest (κατάπαυσις/σαββατισμός): A spiritual rest that remains for God's people, connected to God's rest on the seventh day.
The living word of God: Described as sharper than a two-edged sword, penetrating to the deepest parts and judging the thoughts of the heart.
High priest (ἀρχιερεύς): Jesus who has passed through the heavens and can have compassion on us because he was tempted, yet without sin.
The throne of grace: The place where believers may approach with confidence to receive mercy and grace to help in time of need.

Contexte historique

People

Joshua (Ἰησοῦς)

In verse 8, Joshua is mentioned by the Greek name "Ἰησοῦς" (Iēsous), which is identical to the name "Jesus". This was the Greek form of the Hebrew name "Yehoshua" (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ). The author argues that although Joshua led the Israelites into the promised land, he did not give them final rest—otherwise David, several hundred years later, would not still have spoken about a future day of rest. This name similarity between Joshua and Jesus is theologically significant: the Joshua who could not give complete rest points forward to Jesus who can.

David as Prophetic Author

King David is mentioned in verse 7 as the messenger of God's word "after so long a time"—a reference to Psalm 95, which was written many centuries after the wilderness wandering. The author uses this chronological argument to show that God's promise of rest still stood open in David's day, and thus also for the readers of the letter.

Events and Customs

The Wilderness Wandering Account as a Warning Example

The chapter continues the reference from chapter 3 to the Israelites' disobedience at Kadesh-Barnea (Numbers 14). The expression "they did not enter because of disobedience" (διʼ ἀπείθειαν, verse 6) refers to that generation which refused to enter Canaan after the report of the spies. In Jewish tradition, this event became a standard example of catastrophic unbelief. This generation had to wander in the wilderness for forty years until all over twenty years old had died, except Caleb and Joshua.

Sabbath Observance

The reference to God's rest on the seventh day (verse 4, from Genesis 2:2) and the rare word "Sabbath rest" (verse 9) connect with Jewish Sabbath practice. For Jewish readers, the Sabbath was the highlight of the week—a holy day of rest from work, worship, and communal meals. The author elevates this familiar concept to an eschatological level: the ultimate Sabbath rest awaiting God's people.

Key Terms

Κατάπαυσις (katapausis) – "rest"

This word appears nine times in chapters 3–4 and is the central theme of the chapter. The Greek word can mean both physical rest, cessation of work, and a place of rest. In the Septuagint it is used concerning Canaan as Israel's land of rest and concerning God's own rest after creation. The author weaves these meanings together typologically: Canaan was a provisional fulfillment, but God's own Sabbath rest points to a deeper, spiritual rest that still stands open.

Σαββατισμός (sabbatismos) – "Sabbath rest"

This word in verse 9 appears only here in the entire New Testament and is rare also in other Greek literature. It seems to have been formed specifically to express a Sabbath-like rest—not merely cessation of work (katapausis), but a celebration and completion corresponding to God's own rest on the seventh day. The word emphasizes that the final rest has a quality surpassing both Canaan's rest and the weekly Sabbath.

Μάχαιραν δίστομον (machairan distomon) – "two-edged sword"

The image of God's living and active word as a two-edged sword (verse 12) uses a familiar image from antiquity. A two-edged sword was sharp on both sides and known for its penetrating power. In Jewish wisdom literature, God's word was often described with similar power (cf. Isaiah 49:2; Wisdom of Solomon 18:15–16). The expression "dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow" uses anatomical language to describe the word's ability to reach into a person's innermost being.

Ἀρχιερεὺς μέγας (archiereus megas) – "great high priest"

The title "great high priest" (verse 14) introduces the theme that dominates the rest of the letter. In the Old Testament, the high priest was the only one who could enter the Most Holy Place once a year on the Day of Atonement. That Jesus has "passed through the heavens" corresponds to the high priest's passage through the veil, but surpasses it by reaching all the way into God's presence.

Personnages4

David1 Joshua1 God1 Jesus1

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Mots-clés

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Chronologie1