1 RoisChapitre 13

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Now a man of God came from Judah to Bethel by the word of the LORD, while Jeroboam was standing at the altar to burn incense.

He cried out against the altar by the word of the LORD: "Altar, altar, this is what the LORD says: A son will be born to the house of David; Josiah will be his name. He will sacrifice on you the priests of the high places who burn incense on you, and human bones will be burned on you."

That same day he gave a sign: "This is the sign that the LORD has spoken: the altar will be split apart, and the ashes on it will spill out."

When the king heard the word that the man of God had cried out against the altar at Bethel, Jeroboam stretched out his hand from the altar and said, "Seize him!" But the hand he had stretched out against him withered, and he could not draw it back.

The altar also split apart, and the ashes spilled out from it, according to the sign the man of God had given by the word of the LORD.

Then the king said to the man of God, "Please plead with the LORD your God and pray for me, that my hand may be restored to me." So the man of God pleaded with the LORD, and the king's hand was restored to him and became as it was before.

The king said to the man of God, "Come home with me and have something to eat, and I will give you a gift."

But the man of God said to the king, "Even if you gave me half your house, I would not go with you, nor would I eat bread or drink water in this place.

For this is what I was commanded by the word of the LORD: 'You shall not eat bread or drink water, and you shall not return by the way you came.'"

So he went another way and did not return by the road on which he had come to Bethel.

Now an old prophet was living in Bethel. One of his sons came and told him everything the man of God had done that day in Bethel; then they all told their father the words he had spoken to the king.

Their father asked them, "Which way did he go?" And his sons showed him the road the man of God from Judah had taken.

Then he said to his sons, "Saddle the donkey for me." So they saddled the donkey for him, and he mounted it

and rode after the man of God. He found him sitting under an oak and said to him, "Are you the man of God who came from Judah?" "I am," he answered.

Then he said to him, "Come home with me and eat some bread."

But he replied, "I cannot turn back and go with you, nor can I eat bread or drink water with you in this place,

for I was told by the word of the LORD: 'You shall not eat bread or drink water there, nor return by the way you came.'"

The old man said to him, "I too am a prophet, like you. An angel spoke to me by the word of the LORD: 'Bring him back with you to your house, that he may eat bread and drink water.'" But he was lying to him.

So the man of God went back with him and ate bread and drank water in his house.

While they were sitting at the table, the word of the LORD came to the prophet who had brought him back,

and he cried out to the man of God who had come from Judah, "This is what the LORD says: Because you have defied the word of the LORD and have not kept the command the LORD your God gave you,

and you went back and ate bread and drank water in the place where he told you, 'Eat no bread and drink no water' — therefore your body will not be buried in the tomb of your fathers."

After he had finished eating and drinking, the prophet who had brought him back saddled the donkey for him.

As he went on his way, a lion met him on the road and killed him. His body lay thrown down on the road, with the donkey standing beside it and the lion standing beside the body.

Some men passing by saw the body lying on the road and the lion standing beside it, and they went and reported it in the town where the old prophet lived.

When the prophet who had brought him back from his journey heard of it, he said, "It is the man of God who defied the word of the LORD. The LORD has given him over to the lion, which has mauled him and killed him, just as the LORD said he would."

Then he said to his sons, "Saddle the donkey for me," and they saddled it.

He went out and found the body lying on the road, with the donkey and the lion standing beside it. The lion had neither eaten the body nor mauled the donkey.

So the prophet lifted up the body of the man of God, laid it on the donkey, and brought it back to his own town to mourn for him and bury him.

He laid the body in his own tomb, and they mourned over him, saying, "Alas, my brother!"

After burying him, he said to his sons, "When I die, bury me in the tomb where the man of God is buried; lay my bones beside his bones.

For what he cried out by the word of the LORD against the altar in Bethel, and against all the shrines on the high places in the towns of Samaria, will surely come to pass."

Even after this, Jeroboam did not turn from his evil way, but went on appointing priests for the high places from among the common people. Anyone who wanted it he ordained, and that man became one of the priests of the high places.

By this thing the house of Jeroboam fell into sin, so that it was cut off and destroyed from the face of the earth.

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Résumé2

Chapitre 13

Main Theme: Obedience to God’s word is crucial, even when one is misled by others who claim to speak on God’s behalf.

Content: A man of God from Judah is sent to Bethel to prophesy against Jeroboam’s altar and predict that a king named Josiah will destroy it. When Jeroboam stretches out his hand to seize him, the hand withers but is healed after the man of God prays for him. The man of God had received strict orders not to eat or drink in Bethel, yet he is deceived by an older prophet who lies about a revelation from an angel. As punishment for his disobedience, the man of God is killed by a lion on his way home. The older prophet buries him and confirms that his prophecy will be fulfilled.

Key Words/Images:

The Altar at Bethel – A symbol of Jeroboam’s idolatry, which will be judged and destroyed.
The Withered Hand – A sign that God protects His messengers and confirms their message.
The Lion – God’s instrument of judgment against disobedience, yet strangely it does not harm the donkey or the body.
The False Prophet – A warning that even believers can be misled by those who claim to speak on God’s behalf.

Contexte historique

Historical and Cultural Context for 1 Kings 13

Characters

The Man of God from Judah (אִישׁ אֱלֹהִים, ish elohim) is an anonymous prophetic figure. The term "man of God" in the Old Testament refers to prophets with special authority and miraculous power. His namelessness may be a literary device emphasizing that the message is more important than the messenger. His mission from Judah to Bethel symbolizes the theological conflict between the legitimate worship of the southern kingdom and the idolatry of the northern kingdom.

The Old Prophet in Bethel is also anonymous. His presence in Bethel raises questions about why a true prophet would live in the center of an illegitimate cult without protesting. His lie regarding the angelic message and his later grief over the man of God's death create a complex character study. Some scholars view him as a tragic figure caught between loyalty and compromise.

Josiah is named in the prophecy (verse 2) approximately 290–300 years before his reign. King Josiah of Judah (reigned c. 640–609 B.C.) carried out the great religious reform described in 2 Kings 23, during which he actually destroyed the altar at Bethel and burned human bones on it—an exact fulfillment of the prophecy.

Places

Bethel (בֵּית־אֵל, "House of God") is located about 17 kilometers north of Jerusalem. The site held venerable traditions from the patriarchal period (Genesis 28:10–22), but Jeroboam exploited this historical significance to establish a rival sanctuary. Archaeological excavations at Beitin (traditionally identified with Bethel, though debated) have revealed settlement layers from the Iron Age, although the sanctuary itself has not been definitively identified. Its location near the border of Judah made Bethel strategically important for intercepting pilgrims who would otherwise travel to Jerusalem.

Events and Customs

Burning offerings on the altar (לְהַקְטִיר, lehaqtir) refers to burning incense or offering sacrifices on the altar. The fact that the king himself performed this act broke with Israelite tradition, where only priests were permitted to offer sacrifices. Jeroboam combined royal and priestly functions here, which was common in surrounding cultures but contradicted Israelite Yahwistic practice.

Splitting the altar and pouring out the ashes served as a sign (מוֹפֵת, mofet) confirming the truth of the prophecy. Ash from sacrifices held cultic significance; its being poured out symbolized the desecration of the altar. This event demonstrated God's power over cult objects that Jeroboam had consecrated for his alternative worship.

The prohibition against eating and drinking represents a form of prophetic demonstration. By abstaining from communal meals, the man of God marked his total rejection of the Bethel community. In Middle Eastern culture, sharing a meal created strong social and covenantal bonds. The command not to return by the same way emphasized that the man of God was not to leave any trace or establish connections in that unclean area.

Key Terms

"Filling the hand" (יְמַלֵּא אֶת־יָדוֹ, yemalle et-yado) in verse 33 is a technical expression for priestly consecration. The phrase originates from the custom of placing sacrificial offerings into the hands of a new priest. That Jeroboam allowed "anyone" to fill his hand means he consecrated priests without regard for Levitical descent, which was a serious violation of the Mosaic Law.

"Disobedience to the command of the Lord" (מָרִיתָ פִּי יְהוָה, marita pi YHWH) in verse 21 describes the sin of the man of God. The Hebrew verb marah means to be rebellious or defiant. The punishment—not being buried in the family tomb—was particularly severe in Israelite culture, where being gathered with one's ancestors in death symbolized continuity and blessing.

Chapter-Specific Findings

Although there is no direct archaeological evidence for the events of this chapter, 2 Kings 23:15–18 confirms the fulfillment of the prophecy. The text describes how King Josiah found the grave of the man of God in Bethel and left it undisturbed, just as the old prophet had foreseen by requesting to be buried with him. This narrative alignment between prophecy and fulfillment is an important structural element in the Books of Kings.

Personnages1

Josiah1

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Mots-clés8

Prophecy — Prediction or revelation from God about future events or divine will.
Man of God — A person chosen and led by God to carry out His will and convey His message.
Altar — A holy place, often a structure or table, where offerings are presented to God as part of religious worship.
Jeroboam — The first king of the northern kingdom of Israel after the kingdom was divided into two. He introduced idolatry and led the people away from the proper worship of God.
Levite — A member of the tribe of Levi who had special religious duties and responsibilities in the service of the Israelites, including work in the temple.
False prophet — A person who falsely claims to speak on behalf of God and delivers false prophecies or messages.
Obedience — To obey God's commands and instructions, which is essential for maintaining a close relationship with Him and receiving His blessings.
Punishment — The consequences or reactions resulting from disobedience toward God, often serving as a warning or correction to bring people back to righteous behavior.