MarcChapitre 16

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Textes parallèles3 parallèles dans ce chapitre

The AscensionML

Luke expands on this in Acts 1:9-11.

Marc(du leser)

19So then the Lord Jesus, after he had spoken to them, was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God.

20And they went out and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word through the signs that accompanied it.⟧

LucLuke 24:50-53

50Then he led them out as far as Bethany, and lifting up his hands, he blessed them.

51While he was blessing them, he parted from them and was carried up into heaven.

52And they worshiped him and returned to Jerusalem with great joy,

53and they were continually in the temple, praising God.

The Empty TombMMLJ

The women come to the tomb and find it empty.

MatthieuMatthew 28:1–8

1After the Sabbath, at dawn on the first day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to look at the tomb.

2Suddenly there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord came down from heaven, went up, rolled away the stone, and sat on it.

3His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing was white as snow.

4The guards were so terrified of him that they shook and became like dead men.

5But the angel said to the women, "Do not be afraid. I know that you are looking for Jesus, who was crucified.

6He is not here; he has risen, just as he said. Come and see the place where he lay.

7Now go quickly and tell his disciples, 'He has risen from the dead, and he is going ahead of you into Galilee. There you will see him.' Remember, I have told you."

8So they hurried away from the tomb, filled with fear and great joy, and ran to tell his disciples.

Marc(du leser)

1When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so they could go and anoint him.

2Very early on the first day of the week, just after sunrise, they came to the tomb.

3They were saying to one another, "Who will roll away the stone for us from the entrance of the tomb?"

4But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled back—and it was enormous.

5Entering the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe, and they were alarmed.

6But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You are looking for Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He has risen; he is not here. Look, this is the place where they laid him.

7But go, tell his disciples and Peter that he is going ahead of you to Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you."

8So they went out and fled from the tomb, trembling and beside themselves. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid. ⟦But they briefly reported to Peter and those with him everything they had been told. And afterward Jesus himself sent out through them, from east to west, the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation. Amen.⟧

LucLuke 24:1–12

1On the first day of the week, at early dawn, the women came to the tomb bringing the spices they had prepared.

2They found the stone rolled away from the tomb,

3but when they went in, they did not find the body of the Lord Jesus.

4While they stood there bewildered, two men in dazzling clothes suddenly stood beside them.

5The women were terrified and bowed their faces to the ground, but the men said to them: "Why do you look for the living among the dead?

6He is not here; he has risen. Remember how he told you, while he was still in Galilee,

7that the Son of Man must be handed over to sinful men, be crucified, and rise again on the third day."

8Then they remembered his words.

9And returning from the tomb, they reported all this to the Eleven and to all the rest.

10It was Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary the mother of James, and the other women with them who told this to the apostles.

11But these words seemed to them like nonsense, and they did not believe the women.

12Peter, however, got up and ran to the tomb. Stooping down, he saw only the linen cloths, and he went home, amazed at what had happened.

JeanJohn 20:1–10

1Early on the first day of the week, while it was still dark, Mary Magdalene came to the tomb and saw that the stone had been taken away from the tomb.

2So she ran to Simon Peter and the other disciple, the one Jesus loved, and told them, "They have taken the Lord out of the tomb, and we don't know where they have put him."

3So Peter and the other disciple set out for the tomb.

4They were both running, but the other disciple outran Peter and reached the tomb first.

5He bent down and looked in, and saw the linen cloths lying there, but he did not go in.

6Then Simon Peter came up behind him and went into the tomb. He saw the linen cloths lying there,

7and the cloth that had been around Jesus' head was not with them but folded up by itself in a place of its own.

8Then the other disciple, who had reached the tomb first, also went in. He saw, and he believed.

9For they still did not understand the Scripture, that he had to rise from the dead.

10Then the disciples went back home.

The Great CommissionMML

Go out and make disciples of all nations.

MatthieuMatt 28:18-20

18Then Jesus came to them and said, "All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me.

19Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, [Footnote: Greek: into the name, indicating being brought into relationship with and belonging to the one named.]

20teaching them to keep everything I have commanded you. And remember, I am with you always, to the very end of the age."

Marc(du leser)

15And he said to them, "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to the whole creation.

16Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.

17And these signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues;

18they will pick up snakes, and if they drink anything deadly it will not harm them; they will lay their hands on the sick, and they will recover."

LucLuke 24:46-49

46He said to them: "This is what is written: the Christ will suffer and rise from the dead on the third day,

47and repentance and forgiveness of sins will be preached in his name to all nations, beginning at Jerusalem.

48You are witnesses of these things.

49And behold, I am sending upon you what my Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high."

When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so they could go and anoint him.

Very early on the first day of the week, just after sunrise, they came to the tomb.

They were saying to one another, "Who will roll away the stone for us from the entrance of the tomb?"

But when they looked up, they saw that the stone had been rolled back—and it was enormous.

Entering the tomb, they saw a young man sitting on the right side, dressed in a white robe, and they were alarmed.

But he said to them, "Do not be alarmed. You are looking for Jesus of Nazareth, who was crucified. He has risen; he is not here. Look, this is the place where they laid him.

But go, tell his disciples and Peter that he is going ahead of you to Galilee. There you will see him, just as he told you."

So they went out and fled from the tomb, trembling and beside themselves. And they said nothing to anyone, for they were afraid. ⟦But they briefly reported to Peter and those with him everything they had been told. And afterward Jesus himself sent out through them, from east to west, the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation. Amen.⟧

⟦Now when he had risen early on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had driven seven demons.

She went and told those who had been with him, who were mourning and weeping.

But when they heard that he was alive and that she had seen him, they did not believe it.

After this he appeared in another form to two of them as they were walking out into the country.

They went back and told the rest, but they did not believe them either.

Later he appeared to the eleven themselves as they were reclining at table, and he rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they had not believed those who saw him after he had risen.

And he said to them, "Go into all the world and preach the gospel to the whole creation.

Whoever believes and is baptized will be saved, but whoever does not believe will be condemned.

And these signs will accompany those who believe: in my name they will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues;

they will pick up snakes, and if they drink anything deadly it will not harm them; they will lay their hands on the sick, and they will recover."

So then the Lord Jesus, after he had spoken to them, was taken up into heaven and sat down at the right hand of God.

And they went out and preached everywhere, while the Lord worked with them and confirmed the word through the signs that accompanied it.⟧

Recherche

Résumé2

Chapitre 16

Main Theme: Jesus' resurrection is confirmed by the empty tomb and his appearances to the disciples, who are commissioned to preach the gospel to the whole world.

Content: After the Sabbath, Mary Magdalene, Mary, and Salome go to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body. They find the stone rolled away and meet a young man in white clothing who proclaims that Jesus has risen. The women flee in fear and tell no one anything. In the longer ending (verses 9-20, which is absent from the earliest manuscripts), Jesus first appears to Mary Magdalene, then to two disciples, and finally to the eleven, whom he rebukes for their unbelief. He gives them the Great Commission, is taken up into heaven, and the disciples preach everywhere while the Lord confirms the word with signs.

Key Words/Images:

The Empty Tomb: The proof of the resurrection – the stone has been rolled away and Jesus is not there.
"He has risen" (ἠγέρθη): The core message proclaimed by the young man to the women.
Fear and Silence: The women's reaction (τρόμος καὶ ἔκστασις) shows the overwhelming nature of the resurrection.
The Great Commission: The assignment to preach the gospel to all creation (πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει).
God's Right Hand: Jesus is exalted to a position of power and glory after his ascension.

Contexte historique

Historical and Cultural Context for Mark 16

People

The chapter highlights three women as witnesses to the empty tomb: Mary Magdalene, Mary (the mother of James), and Salome. That women were the first witnesses is remarkable in a culture where women's testimony was generally given less weight. Mary Magdalene is identified in verse 9 as the one from whom Jesus had cast out seven demons, showing her special connection to Jesus. Salome is mentioned by name only in the Gospel of Mark (here and in 15:40). Tradition often identifies her with "the mother of the sons of Zebedee" (Matt 27:56), that is, the mother of the disciples James and John, but this is not certain.

The "young man" (νεανίσκον) dressed in a white robe (v. 5) is not explicitly described as an angel, but his white garment and the message he brings signal a heavenly messenger. White clothing was associated with heavenly purity and divine presence in Jewish tradition.

Places

The tomb (μνημεῖον) described was typical of wealthy Jewish burials in the first century: a rock-cut tomb with a large rolling stone in front of the entrance. Such tombs have been found in great numbers around Jerusalem. The stone (λίθος) rolled in front of the entrance could weigh several hundred kilograms and required considerable strength to move.

Galilee is mentioned as the place where they are to meet the risen Jesus (v. 7). This points back to Jesus' ministry in Galilee and forward to a new meeting with the disciples in their home region, away from Jerusalem where the crucifixion took place.

Events and Customs

Anointing the dead body with fragrant spices and ointments (ἀρώματα) was an important Jewish burial custom. The purpose was partly to show respect for the deceased and partly to reduce the odor of death. That the women came "when the Sabbath was over" (διαγενομένου τοῦ σαββάτου) shows that they waited until the Sabbath rest had ended at sunset on Saturday evening before buying the spices. They arrived at the tomb at sunrise on Sunday morning—the first day of the Jewish week.

The expression "the first day of the week" (τῇ μιᾷ τῶν σαββάτων) later became the basis for Christian Sunday celebration as the day of resurrection.

Key Terms

The verb "he has risen" (ἠγέρθη) is in the passive form, which theologically suggests that God is the actor—God raised Jesus from the dead. This is the core message of early Christian preaching.

The women's reaction is described with two strong words: "trembling" (τρόμος) and "astonishment" (ἔκστασις). This combination expresses the overwhelming experience of standing before something divine and unexpected. Mark's original ending (v. 8) with the words "for they were afraid" (ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ) is unusually abrupt and has occupied biblical scholars for centuries.

Chapter-Specific Textual Critical Issues

Mark 16 contains one of the most well-known textual critical problems in the New Testament. The oldest and most reliable manuscripts (Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus from the fourth century) end the gospel at verse 8. Verses 9–20, known as "the longer ending," are not found in these manuscripts but were added later and appear in younger manuscripts. There is also a "shorter ending" preserved in some manuscripts. This shows that early copyists regarded the ending at verse 8 as problematic and sought to supplement the text with resurrection accounts that harmonized with the other gospels.

Personnages6

God1 Jesus3 Jacob1 Mary Magdalene2 Mary1 Peter1

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Mots-clés

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Chronologie1