TiteChapitre 2

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You, however, must teach what agrees with sound doctrine.

Older men are to be temperate, dignified, self-controlled, sound in faith, in love, and in endurance.

Older women, likewise, are to be reverent in the way they live, not slanderers or slaves to heavy drinking, but teachers of what is good.

so that they may train the younger women to love their husbands and to love their children,

to be self-controlled and pure, to be busy at home, to be kind, and to submit to their own husbands, so that the word of God may not be dishonored.

Urge the younger men, in the same way, to be self-controlled.

In everything, make yourself a model of good works. In your teaching show integrity and dignity,

and let your message be sound and beyond reproach, so that any opponent will be put to shame, having nothing bad to say about us.

Slaves are to submit to their masters in everything, to be well pleasing, not argumentative,

not stealing from them, but showing themselves completely trustworthy, so that in every way they may bring credit to the teaching of God our Savior.

For the grace of God has appeared, bringing salvation to all people.

It trains us to renounce godlessness and worldly desires, and to live self-controlled, upright, and godly lives in the present age,

as we wait for the blessed hope—the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ.

He gave himself for us to redeem us from all lawlessness and to purify for himself a people of his own, eager to do good works.

These are the things you are to teach; encourage and rebuke with full authority. Let no one look down on you.

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Résumé2

Chapitre 2

Main Theme: Paul gives Titus instructions about sound doctrine and Christian living for various groups in the congregation, grounded in God's saving grace.

Content: Titus is to teach older men, older women, young women, young men, and slaves self-control, godliness, and good works, while also being an example himself. God's saving grace has been revealed to all people and trains us to live righteously as we await the glorious appearing of Jesus Christ. Christ gave himself to redeem us from lawlessness and to cleanse for himself a people who are zealous for good works.

Key Words/Images:

Sound doctrine (ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία): The true, life-giving teaching that shapes Christian life and character.
Self-control (σωφροσύνη): A consistent virtue required of all groups—sound judgment and moderation.
God's grace (χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ): God's saving grace that has been revealed and trains believers.
The blessed hope (μακαρία ἐλπίς): The expectation of the glorious appearing of Jesus Christ, which motivates a holy life.
A people for his own possession (λαὸς περιούσιος): Believers whom Christ has cleansed for himself, eager to do good works.

Contexte historique

Historical and Cultural Context for Titus 2

Events and Customs

The chapter's division of exhortations by age and gender (older men, older women, younger women, younger men, slaves) reflects the Roman household structure known as domus. In the first-century Roman Empire, the household was the fundamental social unit, and there were established expectations for how each group should behave to maintain the family's honor. Paul's exhortations are not random categories but follow the pattern of Greco-Roman "household codes" (Haustafeln), which also appear in philosophers such as Aristotle and in later Stoic ethics.

The exhortation to older women to "teach what is good" (kalodidáskalous) was culturally significant. In antiquity, it was primarily older women who were responsible for passing on knowledge about household management and family life to the next generation. The warning against being "enslaved to much wine" (v. 3) reflects a genuine concern in Greco-Roman culture, where older women were sometimes associated with excessive drinking.

Key Terms

The Greek adjective σώφρων (sṓphrōn) and related forms such as σωφρονίζω (sōphronízō), σωφρονεῖν (sōphroneín), and σωφρόνως (sōphrónōs) appear repeatedly in this chapter (vv. 2, 4, 5, 6, 12). This word group expressed one of the four cardinal virtues in Greek philosophy and meant self-control, moderation, and sound judgment. By using this term, Paul communicates with values highly regarded in Hellenistic culture but gives them new content through Christian faith.

The expression λαὸν περιούσιον (laòn perioúsion, "a treasured people") in verse 14 is drawn directly from the Septuagint's rendering of Exodus 19:5 and Deuteronomy 14:2. This was Israel's self-understanding as God's chosen people, and Paul now applies this to the Christian church—a theologically significant transfer of covenant terminology.

Chapter-Specific Findings

The term ἐπιφάνεια (epifáneia, "appearing/revelation") in verse 13 and the related verb ἐπεφάνη (epefánē, "has appeared") in verse 11 were known from Hellenistic ruler cults, where an emperor could be described as a god's "appearance" on earth. Inscriptions from the first century show that Emperor Augustus was hailed as a savior (sōtēr) whose birth brought peace. By using this language about Christ, both regarding his first coming (v. 11) and his future return (v. 13), Paul makes a clear theological point: It is Jesus Christ, not the emperor, who is the true Savior and God.

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