NúmerosCapítulo 15

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The LORD said to Moses:

Speak to the Israelites and tell them: When you enter the land where you are to live, which I am giving you,

and you present to the LORD an offering by fire from the herd or the flock—a burnt offering or a sacrifice, whether to fulfill a vow or as a freewill offering or at your appointed festivals—to make a pleasing aroma for the LORD,

then the one who brings his offering shall present to the LORD a grain offering of a tenth of an ephah of fine flour mixed with a quarter of a hin of oil.

With the burnt offering or the sacrifice you shall prepare a quarter of a hin of wine as a drink offering for each lamb.

For a ram you shall prepare a grain offering of two tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with a third of a hin of oil,

and a third of a hin of wine as a drink offering. Present it as a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

When you prepare a young bull as a burnt offering or a sacrifice, to fulfill a vow or as a fellowship offering to the LORD,

a grain offering of three tenths of an ephah of fine flour mixed with half a hin of oil shall be brought with the bull,

and you shall bring half a hin of wine as a drink offering—an offering by fire, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

This is what shall be done for each bull, each ram, or each lamb or kid from the flock.

Whatever the number you prepare, do this for each one, according to their number.

Every native-born Israelite shall do these things in this way when he presents an offering by fire, a pleasing aroma to the LORD.

And if a foreigner is staying with you, or whoever lives among you throughout your generations, and he wishes to present an offering by fire, a pleasing aroma to the LORD, he shall do exactly as you do.

For the assembly there shall be one statute for you and for the foreigner who resides with you—a lasting statute for all your generations. Before the LORD, you and the foreigner shall be alike.

The same law and the same regulation shall apply both to you and to the foreigner residing among you.

The LORD said to Moses:

Speak to the Israelites and tell them: When you enter the land to which I am bringing you,

and you eat the food of that land, you shall present a contribution to the LORD.

From the first of your dough you shall present a loaf as a contribution; present it like the contribution from the threshing floor.

Throughout your generations you shall give the LORD a contribution from the first of your dough.

Now if you stray unintentionally and fail to keep all these commands that the LORD gave Moses—

everything the LORD commanded you through Moses, from the day the LORD gave the command and onward through your generations—

then if it was done unintentionally, unnoticed by the congregation, the whole congregation shall offer one young bull as a burnt offering, a pleasing aroma to the LORD, along with its prescribed grain offering and drink offering, and one male goat as a sin offering.

The priest shall make atonement for the whole congregation of Israel, and they will be forgiven, for it was unintentional and they have brought their offering to the LORD—an offering by fire and their sin offering before the LORD for their unintentional wrong.

The whole congregation of Israel will be forgiven, along with the foreigner residing among them, since it happened to all the people unintentionally.

If a single person sins unintentionally, he shall bring a year-old female goat as a sin offering.

The priest shall make atonement before the LORD for the person who erred by sinning unintentionally, and when atonement has been made for him, he will be forgiven.

You shall have one law for the native-born Israelite and for the foreigner residing among you, for anyone who sins unintentionally.

But the person who acts defiantly, whether native-born or foreigner, blasphemes the LORD; that person shall be cut off from among his people.

Because he has despised the word of the LORD and broken his command, that person shall surely be cut off; his guilt remains on him.

While the Israelites were in the wilderness, they found a man gathering wood on the Sabbath day.

Those who found him gathering wood brought him to Moses and Aaron and the whole congregation,

and they kept him in custody, because it had not been made clear what should be done to him.

Then the LORD said to Moses, "The man must be put to death. The whole congregation shall stone him outside the camp."

So the whole congregation took him outside the camp and stoned him to death, as the LORD had commanded Moses.

The LORD said to Moses:

Speak to the Israelites and tell them that throughout their generations they are to make tassels on the corners of their garments, with a blue cord on each tassel.

These tassels will be yours to look at, so that you may remember all the commands of the LORD and keep them, and not go chasing after your own heart and your own eyes, prostituting yourselves after them.

So that you will remember and keep all my commands and be holy to your God.

I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt to be your God. I am the LORD your God.

Consulta

Resumen2

Capítulo 15

Main Theme: Laws concerning offerings, atonement for sin, and reminders of obedience in the promised land.

Content: The chapter gives instructions for grain offerings and drink offerings that must accompany burnt offerings and slaughter offerings when Israel enters the land, as well as the command to give the first portion of dough (challah) to the Lord. The same law applies to both Israelites and foreigners. A distinction is made between unintentional sins (which can be atoned for) and deliberate sins ("with a high hand"), which lead to being cut off. A man who gathered wood on the Sabbath is stoned as an example of intentional lawbreaking. Finally, tassels (tzitzit) are commanded on garments as a reminder to keep God's commands.

Key Words/Images:

Grain offering and drink offering (minchah/nesekh): Flour, oil, and wine that accompany animal sacrifices – expressing wholeness in worship.
One law for all (torah achat): Israelites and foreigners stand equal before the Lord – universal justice.
Unintentional sin (shegagah): Sin committed in ignorance can be atoned for through sacrifice.
The wood gatherer: A narrative showing the consequence of deliberate Sabbath breaking – the death penalty by stoning.
Tassels (tzitzit): A visible reminder on garments to remember and keep God's commands.

Contexto histórico

Events and Customs

Graduated Offerings with Accompaniments

The chapter presents a detailed system in which grain, oil, and wine offerings (מִנְחָה and נֶסֶךְ) must accompany animal sacrifices in proportional amounts based on the size of the animal. For a lamb, one-tenth of an ephah of flour mixed with one-quarter of a hin of oil is required, along with one-quarter of a hin of wine as a drink offering; for a ram, two-tenths of an ephah of flour with one-third of a hin of oil and wine; for cattle, three-tenths of an ephah of flour with one-half of a hin of oil and wine.

The Challah Offering

The command to give "the first portion of the dough" (רֵאשִׁית עֲרִסֹתֵכֶם) establishes an offering connected to bread baking, not merely the grain harvest. The Hebrew word עֲרִסָה refers to dough during kneading or fermentation. This offering, later called "challah" in Jewish tradition, was to be given to the priests and represented acknowledgment that even daily food comes from God.

The Sabbath-Breaker Incident

The account of the man gathering wood (מְקֹשֵׁשׁ עֵצִים, vv. 32–36) illustrates how specific legal decisions were formulated. He was placed "in custody" (בַּמִּשְׁמָר) because the penalty had not been specified beforehand—the Sabbath command forbade work but did not detail the consequence. Stoning outside the camp was the standard punishment for serious violations and served both as a penalty and as ritual purification of the community. The expression "with a high hand" (בְּיָד רָמָה) in v. 30 describes deliberate, defiant sin as opposed to unintentional sin.

Key Terms

Ezrach and Ger (אֶזְרָח / גֵּר)

The chapter repeatedly emphasizes that the same law applies to "the native" (אֶזְרָח) and "the foreigner residing among you" (גֵּר). The term גֵּר does not refer to a casual visitor, but to a non-Israelite who had joined the community permanently and accepted its religious obligations. This legal equality was unusual in the ancient world, where foreigners typically had fewer rights.

Tsitsit (צִיצִת)

The tassels that were to be attached to the corners of garments, with a blue (תְּכֵלֶת) thread, served as physical reminders of the commandments. The blue dye likely came from the murex snail, making the color valuable and symbolically significant. Tassels or fringes on clothing were common in the ancient Near East, but Israel gave them a distinct theological meaning as visual reminders of covenant obligations.

Shegagah (שְׁגָגָה)

This term for "unintentional sin" or "error" is central to the chapter’s sin offering system. The distinction between שְׁגָגָה and deliberate sin (בְּיָד רָמָה) was crucial: unintentional violations could be atoned for through offerings, while defiant sin led to being "cut off from one’s people" (כָּרֵת).

Personas2

Aaron1 Moses6

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Palabras clave8

Sacrifices — Ritual actions involving giving gifts to God, often in the form of animals or food, to show gratitude, ask for forgiveness, or enter into a covenant.
Bread — A food made from flour and water, symbolizing nourishment and life, used as part of offerings to God.
Sin — A violation of God's laws or morality, which can lead to punishment or separation from God.
Forgiveness — God's grace and mercy that frees people from guilt and the consequences of their sins.
Foreigners — People who are not part of the Israelite community but live among them. Foreigners could participate in certain religious practices under specific conditions.
The Promised Land — The geographical area that God promised to give to the people of Israel, identified as Canaan in the Old Testament.
Tribes — The twelve groups of the people of Israel, each tribe descending from one of Jacob's sons.
Generation — A group of people born and living at about the same time, often used to describe eras or shifts in leadership and responsibility.