3. Mooseksen kirjaLuku 7

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This is the law of the guilt offering; it is most holy.

The guilt offering shall be slaughtered in the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered, and its blood shall be thrown against the altar on every side.

All its fat shall be offered: the fat tail, the fat that covers the entrails,

the two kidneys with the fat on them at the loins, and the long lobe of the liver, which he shall remove along with the kidneys.

The priest shall burn them on the altar as a food offering to the LORD; it is a guilt offering.

Every male among the priests may eat of it. It shall be eaten in a holy place; it is most holy.

The guilt offering is like the sin offering; there is one law for them both. It belongs to the priest who makes atonement with it.

And the priest who offers anyone's burnt offering shall keep for himself the hide of the burnt offering he has offered.

Every grain offering baked in an oven, and everything prepared in a pan or on a griddle, belongs to the priest who offers it.

But every grain offering, whether mixed with oil or dry, belongs to all the sons of Aaron alike, each one the same as his brother.

This is the law of the fellowship offering that one may present to the LORD.

If he offers it as a thank offering, then along with the thank offering he shall present unleavened loaves mixed with oil, unleavened wafers spread with oil, and loaves of fine flour well kneaded and mixed with oil.

Along with loaves of leavened bread he shall present his offering, together with his thanksgiving fellowship offering.

From each kind of offering he shall present one loaf as a contribution to the LORD; it belongs to the priest who throws the blood of the fellowship offering.

The meat of his thanksgiving fellowship offering shall be eaten on the day it is offered; none of it may be left until morning.

But if his offering is a vow or a freewill offering, it shall be eaten on the day he presents his sacrifice, and what is left over may be eaten the next day.

Whatever remains of the meat of the sacrifice on the third day shall be burned up.

If any of the meat of his fellowship offering is eaten on the third day, it will not be accepted. It will not be credited to the one who offered it; it is tainted, and the person who eats of it will bear his guilt.

Meat that touches anything unclean must not be eaten; it shall be burned up. As for other meat, anyone who is clean may eat it.

But the person who eats meat from the LORD's fellowship offering while unclean shall be cut off from his people.

And if anyone touches something unclean—human uncleanness, an unclean animal, or any unclean, detestable creature—and then eats the meat of the LORD's fellowship offering, that person shall be cut off from his people.

The LORD said to Moses:

Say to the Israelites: You shall not eat any fat of an ox, a sheep, or a goat.

The fat of an animal found dead or torn by wild beasts may be used for any other purpose, but you must not eat it.

For anyone who eats the fat of an animal from which a food offering is presented to the LORD shall be cut off from his people.

Wherever you live, you must not eat the blood of any bird or animal.

Anyone who eats blood shall be cut off from his people.

The LORD said to Moses:

Say to the Israelites: Whoever offers a fellowship offering to the LORD shall bring part of it as his gift to the LORD.

With his own hands he shall bring the food offerings of the LORD; he shall bring the fat together with the breast, so that the breast may be waved as a wave offering before the LORD.

The priest shall burn the fat on the altar, but the breast belongs to Aaron and his sons.

You shall give the right thigh to the priest as a contribution from your fellowship offerings.

The son of Aaron who offers the blood and the fat of the fellowship offering shall have the right thigh as his portion.

For I have taken the breast of the wave offering and the thigh of the contribution from the Israelites, from their fellowship offerings, and I have given them to Aaron the priest and to his sons as a perpetual due from the Israelites.

This is the portion of Aaron and the portion of his sons from the food offerings of the LORD, assigned to them on the day they were presented to serve the LORD as priests.

On the day they were anointed, the LORD commanded that this be given them by the Israelites. It is a perpetual statute throughout their generations.

This is the law of the burnt offering, the grain offering, the sin offering, the guilt offering, the ordination offering, and the fellowship offering,

which the LORD commanded Moses on Mount Sinai on the day he commanded the Israelites to present their offerings to the LORD in the Wilderness of Sinai.

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Luku 7

Main Theme: The chapter provides detailed regulations for the guilt offering and the peace offering, as well as the priests' portions and dietary restrictions for the people.

Content: The chapter begins with rules for the guilt offering, which is most holy and must be slaughtered in the same place as the burnt offering. This is followed by extensive instructions for the peace offering, including the thank offering with its types of bread and time limits for eating the meat. The prohibition against eating fat and blood is emphasized, and anyone who eats sacrificial meat while unclean shall be cut off from the people. The priests are to receive the breast (wave offering) and the right thigh (heave offering) as their perpetual portion.

Key Words/Images:

Guilt Offering (אָשָׁם): A most holy offering for atonement, where the fat is burned and the priests eat the meat in a holy place.
Peace Offering (שְׁלָמִים): A communal meal offering that includes the thank offering, the vow offering, and the freewill offering, with different time limits for consumption.
Fat and Blood: Strictly forbidden to eat – the fat belongs to the Lord, and the blood is holy; violation results in being cut off from the people.
Wave Offering (תְּנוּפָה): The breast that is waved before the Lord and then given to Aaron's sons as the priests' perpetual right.

Historiallinen konteksti

Historical and Cultural Context for Leviticus 7

Events and Customs

Chapter 7 concludes the sacrifice instructions that began in chapter 1, with priest-specific additions from chapter 6. The chapter provides detailed regulations concerning the guilt offering (אָשָׁם, asham), the thank offering, and the peace offering (שְׁלָמִים, shelamim). Verses 37–38 summarize the entire sacrificial law from chapters 1–7.

A central element is the tenufa ritual (verse 30), in which the offerer themselves was to bring the fat lying on the breast with their own hands (יָדָיו תְּבִיאֶינָה), and the breast was to be waved as a wave offering (תְּנוּפָה) before the Lord. This was an action in which the offerer actively participated in the ritual process at the altar. The breast (hazeh) and the right thigh (shoq) were given to the priests as their portion (verses 31–34)—a provision that ensured the support of the priesthood.

The prohibition against eating fat (חֵלֶב, helev, verses 23–25) and blood (verses 26–27) was fundamental in Israelite religion. The internal fat was reserved for God alone and was to be burned on the altar. The penalty for violation—to be "cut off from one's people" (karet)—marks this as one of the most serious prohibitions in the law.

Key Terms

Piggul (פִּגּוּל, verse 18) is an important term describing sacrificial meat that has become "abominable" or "rejected" because it was eaten on the third day. The word occurs only four times in the Old Testament and denotes something that has become ritually repulsive. The time limits for eating sacrificial meat had both practical and theological reasons: the thank offering had to be eaten on the same day (verse 15), while a vow offering (נֶדֶר) or a freewill offering (נְדָבָה) could be eaten on the day of sacrifice and the following day (verses 16–17). In the warm climate, meat began to spoil quickly, and the sacrificial meal was intended to be a solemn fellowship, not a means of stockpiling food.

Terumah (תְּרוּמָה, "heave offering/contribution," verses 14, 32) refers to the portion that was "lifted up" or set apart for the Lord and His servants. This concept became foundational for the support of the priests in Israel.

Chapter-Specific Findings

Archaeological discoveries at Israelite cult sites have uncovered altars and bone remains where fatty parts appear to have been treated separately, which may correspond with the regulations concerning the burning of internal fat (verses 3–5).

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Aaron4 Jacob1 Moses3

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Sacrifice — Ritual actions where gifts, often animals, are given to God as a form of worship or gratitude.
Peace offering — A type of sacrifice in the Old Testament where an animal was given to God in thanksgiving and its meat was shared with family and friends.
Sin offering — A sacrifice performed to atone for sin and receive forgiveness from God.
Bread — Food made from grain flour and water, used in religious ceremonies as a gift to God.
Fat — The most nutritious and valuable part of an animal, often burned as a gift to God.
Blood — Life-giving fluid in living beings, regarded as holy and used in certain sacrificial rituals.
High priest — The highest religious leader among Israel's priesthood, responsible for performing special rituals and maintaining contact between God and the people.
Priest — A religious leader who performed sacrifices and other ceremonies in service to God and the people.
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