Matteuksen evankeliumiLuku 15

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Feeding of the 4,000MM

A second feeding, found only in Matthew and Mark.

Matteuksen evankeliumi(du leser)

32Jesus called his disciples to him and said, "I have compassion on the crowd. They have been with me three days now and have nothing to eat, and I do not want to send them away hungry, or they may collapse on the way."

33The disciples said to him, "Where in this desolate place could we get enough bread to feed such a crowd?"

34"How many loaves do you have?" Jesus asked. "Seven," they said, "and a few small fish."

35He told the crowd to sit down on the ground,

36and he took the seven loaves and the fish, gave thanks, broke them, and gave them to the disciples, and the disciples gave them to the crowds.

37They all ate and were satisfied, and they gathered up seven baskets full of the broken pieces left over.

38Those who ate were four thousand men, besides women and children.

39Then he dismissed the crowds, got into the boat, and went to the region of Magadan.

Markuksen evankeliumiMark 8:1-10

1In those days, when again a large crowd had gathered and had nothing to eat, Jesus called his disciples to him and said,

2"I have compassion on the crowd. They have been with me three days now and have nothing to eat.

3If I send them home hungry, they will collapse on the way — and some of them have come a long distance."

4His disciples answered, "Where out here in this wilderness could anyone find enough bread to feed them?"

5He asked them, "How many loaves do you have?" "Seven," they said.

6So he told the crowd to sit down on the ground. Taking the seven loaves, he gave thanks, broke them, and gave them to his disciples to distribute, and they set them before the crowd.

7They also had a few small fish. He blessed them as well and told the disciples to distribute them too.

8The people ate and were satisfied, and the disciples gathered up seven baskets of leftover pieces.

9There were about four thousand present. Then he sent them away,

10and immediately got into the boat with his disciples and went to the district of Dalmanutha.

Then Pharisees and scribes came to Jesus from Jerusalem and asked,

"Why do your disciples break the tradition of the elders? For they do not wash their hands when they eat."

He answered them, "And why do you break the commandment of God for the sake of your tradition?

For God said, 'Honor your father and your mother,' and, 'Whoever curses father or mother must be put to death.'

But you say that if anyone tells his father or mother, 'Whatever help you might have had from me is an offering to God,'

he need not honor his father. So you have nullified the word of God for the sake of your tradition.

You hypocrites! Isaiah prophesied about you rightly when he said:

'This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me;

they worship me in vain, teaching as doctrine the commandments of men.'"

Then he called the crowd to him and said, "Listen and understand:

it is not what goes into the mouth that defiles a person, but what comes out of the mouth—that is what defiles a person."

Then the disciples came and said to him, "Do you realize that the Pharisees took offense when they heard this?"

He answered, "Every plant that my heavenly Father has not planted will be pulled up by the roots.

Leave them alone. They are blind guides leading the blind, and if one blind man leads another, both will fall into a pit."

Peter said to him, "Explain this parable to us."

Jesus said, "Are you also still without understanding?"

"Do you not see that whatever goes into the mouth passes into the stomach and is then expelled?

But what comes out of the mouth comes from the heart, and that is what defiles a person.

For out of the heart come evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander.

These are what defile a person; but eating with unwashed hands does not defile anyone."

Jesus left that place and withdrew to the region of Tyre and Sidon.

And a Canaanite woman from that area came out and kept crying out, "Have mercy on me, Lord, Son of David! My daughter is cruelly tormented by a demon."

But he did not answer her a word. His disciples came and urged him, "Send her away—she keeps crying out after us."

He answered, "I was sent only to the lost sheep of the house of Israel."

But she came and knelt before him, saying, "Lord, help me!"

He answered, "It is not right to take the children's bread and throw it to the dogs."

"Yes, Lord," she said, "and yet even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters' table."

Then Jesus answered her, "Woman, your faith is great! Let it be done for you as you desire." And from that hour her daughter was healed.

Jesus moved on from there and came along the Sea of Galilee. He went up on the mountainside and sat down.

Large crowds came to him, bringing the mute, the blind, the lame, the crippled, and many others. They laid them at his feet, and he healed them,

so that the crowd was amazed to see the mute speaking, the crippled restored, the lame walking, and the blind seeing. And they glorified the God of Israel.

Jesus called his disciples to him and said, "I have compassion on the crowd. They have been with me three days now and have nothing to eat, and I do not want to send them away hungry, or they may collapse on the way."

The disciples said to him, "Where in this desolate place could we get enough bread to feed such a crowd?"

"How many loaves do you have?" Jesus asked. "Seven," they said, "and a few small fish."

He told the crowd to sit down on the ground,

and he took the seven loaves and the fish, gave thanks, broke them, and gave them to the disciples, and the disciples gave them to the crowds.

They all ate and were satisfied, and they gathered up seven baskets full of the broken pieces left over.

Those who ate were four thousand men, besides women and children.

Then he dismissed the crowds, got into the boat, and went to the region of Magadan.

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Luku 15

Main Theme: Jesus teaches that true purity comes from the heart, not external traditions, and shows his grace to both Jews and Gentiles.

Content: Jesus confronts the Pharisees for prioritizing human traditions over God's commands, teaching that what comes out of the heart makes a person unclean, not what enters the mouth. In the region of Tyre and Sidon, he heals the daughter of a Canaanite woman who demonstrates great faith. By the Sea of Galilee, he heals many sick people and feeds four thousand men (plus women and children) with seven loaves and a few small fish.

Key Words/Images:

Uncleanness of the Heart: The evil that comes from the heart (evil thoughts, murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander) makes a person unclean, not the failure to wash hands.
Blind Guides: Jesus describes the Pharisees as blind leading the blind—both will fall into a pit.
Children's Bread and Dogs: Jesus uses the image of children and dogs to illustrate the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles, yet he commends the Canaanite woman's faith.
Feeding of the Four Thousand: Jesus demonstrates his care and power by feeding a large crowd with minimal resources.

Historiallinen konteksti

Historical and Cultural Context for Matthew 15

People

The Canaanite woman is a central figure in this chapter. Matthew uses the term "Χαναναία" (Canaanite), an archaic word that points back to Israel's ancient enemies in the Old Testament. Mark calls her Syrophoenician (Mark 7:26), which was the common designation at that time. Matthew's choice of words emphasizes that she belongs to the Gentiles and historically to Israel's enemies, making her faith all the more remarkable. The fact that she addresses Jesus as "Son of David" shows that she was familiar with Jewish messianic expectations.

The Pharisees and scribes from Jerusalem represent the religious elite who traveled from the capital city to examine Jesus' ministry. Their coming from Jerusalem suggests that Jesus' reputation had reached the highest religious circles, and that they felt a need to confront him directly.

Places

Tyre and Sidon (v. 21) were Phoenician coastal cities northwest of Galilee, in Gentile territory. Tyre was located about 60–65 kilometers from Capernaum. These cities were well-known trading centers with a long history and often received negative mention in the Old Testament (Isa 23; Ezek 26–28). That Jesus traveled to this area is significant—it marks one of his few journeys outside Jewish territory.

The Sea of Galilee and the mountain (v. 29) form the setting for the second feeding miracle. The expression "God of Israel" (v. 31), which the crowd praises, may indicate that this region had a mixed population of both Jews and Gentiles. Magadan (v. 39) is likely identical with Magdala on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, known as the hometown of Mary Magdalene.

Events and Customs

Handwashing before meals (v. 2) was not a hygienic but a ritual requirement developed in oral tradition. This practice was not commanded in the Mosaic Law but was part of "the tradition of the elders" (παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων). The Pharisees had developed detailed rules for ritual purity, which were later written down in the Mishna tractate Yadayim ("Hands"). They believed that everyday objects and contact with other people could make hands ritually unclean, and that this must be washed away before eating.

The Korban vow (vv. 5–6) was a practice by which some could declare their property as "a gift" (δῶρον, Hebrew: קָרְבָּן)—that is, dedicated to the temple. This could be misused to avoid financial responsibility toward one's parents, since the property was then formally pledged away. Jesus criticizes this as an example of how human traditions could be used to bypass God's command to honor father and mother.

Key Terms

Κοινοῖ (koinoi, "makes unclean/profanes") appears several times in the chapter (vv. 11, 18, 20). This verb deals with ritual uncleanness—that which makes a person unfit to participate in worship or fellowship. Jesus' radical teaching is that uncleanness does not come from external factors such as food or unwashed hands, but from the evil thoughts and deeds of the heart.

Κυνάριον (kynarion, "little dog," vv. 26–27) is the diminutive form of "dog." While "dog" was often a derogatory term for Gentiles, the diminutive may suggest a house pet rather than a street dog. The woman's reply shows quick-witted humility: she accepts the image but points out that even the dogs under the table get crumbs.

Chapter-Specific Findings

Archaeological excavations in ancient Tyre and Sidon have revealed prosperous Phoenician cities with extensive trade and religious pluralism. Inscriptions and temples show that the area was characterized by Canaanite religion, including worship of Baal and Astarte. This provides context for why the encounter with the Canaanite woman was so culturally charged—she came from an environment with a completely different religious background than the Jewish one.

At the Sea of Galilee, archaeologists have found remains of fishing villages and boats from the first century, including a first-century fishing boat discovered in 1986. These findings confirm the maritime culture that forms the backdrop for Jesus' travels around the lake, including the conclusion of this chapter where he takes a boat to Magadan.

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