MatthieuChapitre 4

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The First Disciples Are CalledMMLJ

Luke includes the miraculous catch of fish. John has a different setting.

Matthieu(du leser)

18As he was walking beside the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers, Simon called Peter and his brother Andrew, casting a net into the sea, for they were fishermen.

19He said to them, "Come, follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."

20At once they left their nets and followed him.

21Going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James son of Zebedee and his brother John, in the boat with their father Zebedee, mending their nets. He called them,

22and at once they left the boat and their father and followed him.

MarcMark 1:16-20

16As he walked along the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea, for they were fishermen.

17Jesus said to them, "Come, follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."

18At once they left their nets and followed him.

19Going on a little farther, he saw James son of Zebedee and his brother John, in their boat mending the nets.

20He called them at once, and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men and went off after him.

LucLuke 5:1-11

1One day, as the crowd pressed in on him to hear the word of God, Jesus was standing by the Lake of Gennesaret.

2He saw two boats sitting by the lake; the fishermen had stepped out of them and were washing their nets.

3He got into one of the boats, the one belonging to Simon, and asked him to put out a little from the land. Then he sat down and taught the crowds from the boat.

4When he had finished speaking, he said to Simon, "Put out into deep water and let down your nets for a catch."

5Simon answered, "Master, we worked hard all night and caught nothing. But at your word I will let down the nets."

6When they had done so, they caught such a huge number of fish that their nets began to tear.

7So they signaled to their partners in the other boat to come and help them. They came, and together they filled both boats so full that they began to sink.

8When Simon Peter saw it, he fell at Jesus' knees and said, "Go away from me, Lord, for I am a sinful man."

9For he and all who were with him were seized with amazement at the catch of fish they had taken,

10and so were James and John, the sons of Zebedee, who were Simon's partners. Then Jesus said to Simon, "Do not be afraid. From now on you will be catching people."

11So they brought their boats to shore, left everything behind, and followed him.

JeanJohn 1:35-51

35The next day John was standing there again with two of his disciples,

36and as he watched Jesus walking by, he said, "Look, the Lamb of God!"

37When the two disciples heard him say this, they followed Jesus.

38Jesus turned, saw them following, and asked, "What are you looking for?" They said, "Rabbi"—which means Teacher—"where are you staying?"

39"Come and see," he said. So they went and saw where he was staying, and they stayed with him that day. It was about the tenth hour—four in the afternoon.

40Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, was one of the two who heard what John said and followed Jesus.

41He first found his own brother Simon and said to him, "We have found the Messiah"—that is, the Christ.

42And he brought him to Jesus. Jesus looked at him and said, "You are Simon son of John. You will be called Cephas"—which means Peter.

43The next day Jesus decided to leave for Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, "Follow me."

44Philip was from Bethsaida, the town of Andrew and Peter.

45Philip found Nathanael and told him, "We have found the one Moses wrote about in the law, and the prophets as well: Jesus son of Joseph, from Nazareth."

46"Nazareth! Can anything good come from there?" Nathanael asked. "Come and see," said Philip.

47When Jesus saw Nathanael coming toward him, he said of him, "Here is a true Israelite, in whom there is no deceit."

48"How do you know me?" Nathanael asked. Jesus answered, "I saw you while you were still under the fig tree, before Philip called you."

49Nathanael replied, "Rabbi, you are the Son of God; you are the King of Israel."

50Jesus answered him, "You believe because I told you I saw you under the fig tree? You will see far greater things than that."

51And he added, "Truly, truly I tell you, you will see heaven opened and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man."

Jesus' TemptationMML

Matthew and Luke record the three temptations, but in a different order. Mark only mentions that Jesus was tempted.

Matthieu(du leser)

1Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.

2After fasting forty days and forty nights, he was famished.

3The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become bread."

4But he answered, "It is written: 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.'"

5Then the devil took him to the holy city and set him on the highest point of the temple.

6"If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down. For it is written: 'He will command his angels concerning you, and they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.'"

7Jesus said to him, "It is also written: 'You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.'"

8Again the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor.

9"All this I will give you," he said, "if you will fall down and worship me."

10Then Jesus said to him, "Away with you, Satan! For it is written: 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and him alone shall you serve.'"

11Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and began to attend to him.

MarcMark 1:12-13

12At once the Spirit drove him out into the wilderness.

13He was in the wilderness forty days, tempted by Satan. He was with the wild animals, and the angels served him.

LucLuke 4:1-13

1Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Spirit in the wilderness,

2where for forty days he was tempted by the devil. He ate nothing during those days, and when they were over, he was hungry.

3The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell this stone to become bread."

4Jesus answered him, "It is written: 'Man shall not live by bread alone.'"

5Then the devil led him up and showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a single moment,

6and said to him, "I will give you all this authority and their glory, for it has been handed over to me, and I give it to anyone I please.

7So if you will bow down before me, it will all be yours."

8Jesus answered him, "It is written: 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and him alone shall you serve.'"

9Then he took him to Jerusalem and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down from here.

10For it is written: 'He will command his angels concerning you, to guard you,'

11and, 'On their hands they will lift you up, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.'"

12Jesus answered him, "It is said: 'You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.'"

13When the devil had finished every temptation, he left him until another time.

Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.

After fasting forty days and forty nights, he was famished.

The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become bread."

But he answered, "It is written: 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God.'"

Then the devil took him to the holy city and set him on the highest point of the temple.

"If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down. For it is written: 'He will command his angels concerning you, and they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.'"

Jesus said to him, "It is also written: 'You shall not put the Lord your God to the test.'"

Again the devil took him to a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms of the world and their splendor.

"All this I will give you," he said, "if you will fall down and worship me."

Then Jesus said to him, "Away with you, Satan! For it is written: 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and him alone shall you serve.'"

Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and began to attend to him.

When Jesus heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew to Galilee.

Leaving Nazareth, he went and settled in Capernaum by the sea, in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali,

to fulfill what was spoken through the prophet Isaiah:

"Land of Zebulun and land of Naphtali, along the road by the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles—

the people who sat in darkness have seen a great light; and on those who sat in the land and shadow of death a light has dawned."

From then on Jesus began to preach: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near."

As he was walking beside the Sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers, Simon called Peter and his brother Andrew, casting a net into the sea, for they were fishermen.

He said to them, "Come, follow me, and I will make you fishers of men."

At once they left their nets and followed him.

Going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James son of Zebedee and his brother John, in the boat with their father Zebedee, mending their nets. He called them,

and at once they left the boat and their father and followed him.

Jesus went throughout all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, proclaiming the gospel of the kingdom, and healing every disease and every sickness among the people.

News about him spread through all of Syria, and people brought him all who were ill with various diseases, those racked with pain, the demon-possessed, those suffering seizures, and the paralyzed—and he healed them.

Large crowds followed him from Galilee, the Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea, and the region beyond the Jordan.

Recherche

Résumé2

Chapitre 4

Main Theme: Jesus overcomes temptation, begins his ministry in Galilee, and calls his first disciples.

Content: After 40 days of fasting in the wilderness, the devil tempts Jesus three times, but Jesus rebukes him by quoting Scripture. Jesus moves to Capernaum in Galilee and begins preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near!" He calls fishermen Peter, Andrew, James, and John to become "fishers of men." Jesus travels throughout Galilee, teaching in synagogues, proclaiming the gospel, and healing the sick, while large crowds follow him.

Key Words/Images:

The Temptation in the Wilderness: Jesus is tested in three ways (bread, jumping from the temple, dominion over the world) and demonstrates his obedience to God by responding with Scripture.
Fishers of Men: Jesus' call for disciples to "fish for people" shows that their skills are to be used in God's service.
The Kingdom of Heaven is Near: The core message of Jesus, marking the beginning of his preaching and calling people to repentance.
Light in Darkness: Isaiah's prophecy that a people walking in darkness will see a great light, fulfilled through Jesus' ministry in Galilee.

Contexte historique

Historical and Cultural Context for Matthew 4

Places

The Wilderness (ἡ ἔρημον): Traditionally identified as the Judean wilderness, the rugged mountainous region between the highlands of Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley/Dead Sea. This area was associated with spiritual testing in Jewish tradition—here Israel wandered for forty years, and here prophets such as Elijah sought refuge. In Jewish thought, the wilderness was both a place of temptation and a place of closeness to God.

Capernaum (Καφαρναούμ): A fishing village on the northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, strategically located along the trade route known as Via Maris. Archaeological excavations have uncovered a synagogue from the fourth century built over an earlier structure from the first century, as well as a house complex that early Christian traditions identify as Peter’s home. The city lay in the border region between the territories of Herod Antipas and Philip, which explains the presence of tax collectors.

Zebulun and Naphtali (Ζαβουλὼν καὶ Νεφθαλίμ): These ancient tribal territories in northern Israel were among the first areas conquered by the Assyrians in 732 B.C. The prophecy from Isaiah (Isa 9:1–2), quoted in verses 15–16, promised restoration specifically to this region that had experienced humiliation.

The "pinnacle" of the temple (τὸ πτερύγιον τοῦ ἱεροῦ): The Greek word pterygion (little wing) likely refers to the southeastern corner of the temple wall, where it rises dramatically above the Kidron Valley—a drop perhaps 45 meters to the bottom. Josephus describes this height as dizzying to look down from.

People

The First Four Disciples: Simon (called Peter, Σίμωνα τὸν λεγόμενον Πέτρον) and his brother Andrew (Ἀνδρέαν), along with the brothers James (Ἰάκωβον) and John (Ἰωάννην), sons of Zebedee (Ζεβεδαίου), were fishermen by the Sea of Galilee. Fishing was a vital industry in the region, organized through cooperatives and fishing rights controlled by authorities. The fact that Zebedee had hired workers (Mark 1:20) indicates a certain level of wealth. Archaeological finds of fishhooks, net sinkers, and anchor remains near the sea confirm active fishing during this period.

Key Terms

Temptation/Testing (πειρασθῆναι): The Greek word peirazō can mean both "to tempt" (with evil intent) and "to test/prove" (to reveal character). In the Septuagint, the word is used of God testing Abraham and Israel. The forty days parallel Israel’s forty years in the wilderness and Moses’ forty days on Sinai.

The Kingdom of Heaven (ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν): This expression reflects Jewish reverence for speaking God’s name directly. "Heaven" serves as a circumlocution for "God." The term was charged with messianic expectations in the first century—many Jews expected that God would soon intervene to restore Israel’s kingdom.

Fishers of Men (ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων): This metaphor likely alludes to Old Testament texts where God "fishes" for people—often in a context of judgment (Jer 16:16; Ezek 29:4). Jesus gives the image a new, saving meaning.

Events and Customs

Jesus’ Answers from Scripture: In response to the devil’s three temptations, Jesus quotes from Deuteronomy—the book that deals with Israel’s wilderness experience. The three quotations are: "Man shall not live by bread alone" (Deut 8:3, v. 4), "You shall not put the Lord your God to the test" (Deut 6:16, v. 7), and "The Lord your God you shall worship, and him only shall you serve" (Deut 6:13, v. 10). This presents Jesus as the true Israelite who succeeds where Israel failed in their testing.

Synagogues (ταῖς συναγωγαῖς): In Jesus’ time, synagogues functioned as local gathering places for Scripture reading, prayer, and teaching. Archaeological finds from Galilee, including the recently excavated first-century synagogue at Magdala, show simple buildings with stone benches along the walls. Visiting teachers could be invited to teach, which explains how Jesus was able to preach in the synagogues.

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